TCP/IP architecture

- The TCP/IP protocol suit was developed prior to the OSI model.
- Originally TCP/IP protocol suit is having four layers
i) Host to network
ii) Internet
iii) Transport
iv) Application
- However, the TCP/IP compared to the OSI model, we can say that host to network layer is generally equivalent to the combination of physical and data link layer.
- Internet layer is equivalent to the network layer.
- Application layer is equivalent to the combination of session layer, presentation layer and application layer of OSI model.
- We assume that the TCP/IP protocol suit is just consist of five layer compare to the OSI model
i) Physical
ii) Data link
iii) Network
iv) Transport
v) Application
- The TCP/IP hierarchical model contain relatively independent protocol that can be mixed and match depending on the needs of the protocol.
- TCP/IP architecture can be as follows
TCP-IP architecture, networking

1) Physical and Data link layer
In physical and data link layer TCP/IP do not defined any specific protocol. It supports all the standard and the priority protocol. Local area network  are to be involved.

2) Network layer
At the network layer TCP/IP supports the inter networking protocol which uses four supporting protocols such as 
i) ARP
ii) RARP
iii) ICMP
iv) IGMP
ARP is the Address Resolution Protocols used to associated with logical address with a physical address.
RARP is the Reverse Address Resolution Protocols allows host to discover its internet address when its only knows physical address. RARP is basically used when the computer is connected first time in the internet or when a disk less computer is booted.
ICMP is the Internet Control Message Protocols used to facilitates the transmission of message to the group of recipients.

3) Transport layer
In transport layer mainly three protocols are get involved
i) TCP
ii) UDP
iii) SCTP
TCP is the Transmission Control Protocol, which is the set of rules used along with the internet protocol to send the message in form of the unit bits.
UDP is the User Data gram Protocol, which is process to process protocol that adds port address, checksum, error control, length information to the data from upper layer.
SCTP is the Stream Control Transmission protocol provide support for the newer application, such as voice over internet.

4) Application layer
The application layer is equivalent to the combination of session, presentation and application layer of the OSI model.  Typically it includes the protocols such as SMTP, FTP, HTTP, DNS, SNMP, TELNET etc. HTTP stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol, FTP for File Transfer Protocol, while SMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. All the three are used to transfer information over a computer network and are an integral part of today's internet. TELNET is terminal network allows user to login remote machine and can access any remote application program. FTP is File Transfer Protocol for copying a file from one host to another. DNS is the Domain Name System to identify entity; TCP/IP protocol uses IP address which uniquely identified the connection between hosts to internet. 

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